Australia's American Alliance by Dean Peter;ühling Stephan;Taylor Brendan;

Author:Dean, Peter;ühling, Stephan;Taylor, Brendan; [Dean, Peter J.]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Melbourne University Publishing

The first forty years

The US–Australian intelligence relationship pre-dates the alliance by nearly a decade. Most historians date the intelligence relationship to 1942, when the South West Pacific Area command established its headquarters in Brisbane. On the suggestion of the Australian Commander-in-Chief, Sir Thomas Blamey, General Douglas MacArthur agreed to the establishment of an Allied Intelligence Bureau, bringing together US, Australian and British intelligence agencies in the region, on 6 July 1942.9 For the remainder of the war, the intensity and mutual benefit of intelligence cooperation, particularly between the United States and the United Kingdom, set the hierarchic structures of US intelligence relationships in the post-war period. The keystone of this structure was the UKUSA agreement among the United States, the United Kingdom and the three Commonwealth dominions: Australia, New Zealand and Canada, built on the wartime BRUSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) partnership.

In Richelson and Ball’s words, UKUSA was itself hierarchic, and gathered a hierarchy of intelligence relationships around it:

The [American] NSA and the [British] GCHQ are currently designated as the First Parties to the Agreement, with the [Canadian] CSE, [Australian] DSD and [New Zealand] GCSB being the Second Parties. The SIGINT agencies of the NATO countries and selected other countries such as Japan and South Korea subsequently acceded to the Agreement as Third Parties. Cooperation and exchange between the First and Second Parties is supposed to be essentially unqualified, although the provisions of the Agreement are reportedly ‘much less generous’ with respect to Third Parties.10

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